ciało-człowieka: Speciation

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Speciation is the evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species. The biologist Orator F. Cook coined the term in 1906 for cladogenesis, the splitting of lineages, as opposed to anagenesis, phyletic evolution within lineages. Charles Darwin was the first to describe the role of natural selection in speciation in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species. He also identified sexual selection as a likely mechanism, but found it problematic. There are four geographic modes of speciation in nature, based on the extent to which speciating populations are isolated from one another: allopatric, peripatric, parapatric, and sympatric. Whether genetic drift is a minor or majo…

Evidence: 86 • authority: 72

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life is a work of scientific literature by the English naturalist Charles Darwin that is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. It was published on 24 November 1859. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection, although Lamarckism was also included as a mechanism of lesser importance. The book presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin included evidence that he had collected on the…

Evidence: 78 • authority: 72

Darwinism is a term used to describe a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and his contemporaries. The theory states that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce. Also called Darwinian theory, it originally included the broad concepts of transmutation of species or of evolution which gained general scientific acceptance after Darwin published On the Origin of Species in 1859, including concepts which predated Darwin's theories. English biologist Thomas Henry Huxley coined the term Darwinism in Apri…

Evidence: 48 • authority: 80

Guiding a Train of Discoveries: Charles Darwin, Charles Daubeny, and the Reception of Natural Selection, 1859–1865

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. It happens when individuals in a population vary in their genetic characteristics and in the numbers of their surviving offspring. Mutation introduces new genetic variation, and processes such as genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection result in some genetic variants becoming more or less common over time. Evolution is often defined as a change in the frequency of alleles (the variants of a gene found at a specific locus) in a population. In common parlance, evolution is often understood to involve a change in an organism's external appearance or behavior (phenotype). Howe…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in the relative fitness endowed on them by their own particular complement of observable characteristics. It is a key law or mechanism of evolution which changes the heritable traits characteristic of a population or species over generations. Charles Darwin popularised the term "natural selection", contrasting it with artificial selection, which is intentional, whereas natural selection is not. For Darwin, natural selection was a law or principle which resulted from three different kinds of process: inheritance, including the transmission of heritable material from parent to offspring and its d…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

Living Fossil: A Metaphor's Travels Across Popular Culture and the Foundations of Darwinian Evolution and Anthropology.. Throughout the Victorian era, the metaphor "living fossil" repeatedly crisscrossed social and scientific domains. The term existed in popular culture before and after Darwin's Origin. Most notably, it also operated as two distinct scientific concepts, one introduced by Darwin and another in cultural evolutionists' depiction of human living fossils. Serving in different ways, living fossils were typically aberrant, persistent and unchanging examples that contradicted an expectation of ongoing change and associated progress. We explore the development and relationships of l…

Evidence: 30 • authority: 80

Charles Darwin and the theory of natural selection

Evidence: 30 • authority: 80

Review: C. Charles Darwin: Charles Darwin: Evolution and Natural Selection

Evidence: 30 • authority: 80

<i>Darwin. Wallace. and the Theory of Natural Selection</i>. Bert James Lowenberg<i>Charles Darwin: Evolution and Natural Selection</i>. Charles Darwin , Bert James Loewenberg

Evidence: 30 • authority: 92

Combining Molecular, Macroevolutionary, and Macroecological Perspectives on the Generation of Diversity.. Charles Darwin presented a unified process of diversification driven by the gradual accumulation of heritable variation. The growth in DNA databases and the increase in genomic sequencing, combined with advances in molecular phylogenetic analyses, gives us an opportunity to realize Darwin's vision, connecting the generation of variation to the diversification of lineages. The rate of molecular evolution is correlated with the rate of diversification across animals and plants, but the relationship between genome change and speciation is complex: Mutation rates evolve in response to life…

Evidence: 22 • authority: 92

From natural theology to the extended synthesis: Historical milestones and conceptual expansions in evolutionary biology.. This article explores the historical development of evolutionary biology-from Natural Theology to the Modern Synthesis (MS)-and the ongoing debate around the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES). Over the past 2,500 years, evolutionary thinking has emerged from the interplay between empirical discoveries and dominant philosophical paradigms. Beginning with Aristotle and Saint Augustine, we trace how Darwin and Wallace introduced a scientific framework grounded in natural mechanisms. In the early 20th century, the MS unified Mendelian genetics and Darwinian selection, f…