komunikacja: Italic type

Evidence: 93 • authority: 72

In typography, italic type (or italics, plurale tantum) is a cursive font based on a stylised form of calligraphic handwriting. Along with blackletter and roman type, it served as one of the major typefaces in the history of Western typography. Owing to the influence from calligraphy, italics normally slant slightly to the right, like so. Different glyph shapes from roman type are usually used – another influence from calligraphy – and upper-case letters may have swashes, flourishes inspired by ornate calligraphy. Historically, italics were a distinct style of type used entirely separately from roman type, but they have come to be used in conjunction – most fonts now come with a roman type…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

In typography and lettering, a sans-serif, sans serif (), gothic, or simply sans letterform is one that does not have extending features called "serifs" at the end of strokes. Sans-serif typefaces tend to have less stroke width variation than serif typefaces. They are often used to convey simplicity and modernity or minimalism. For the purposes of type classification, sans-serif designs are usually divided into these major groups: § Grotesque, § Neo-grotesque, § Geometric, § Humanist, and § Other or mixed. Sans-serif typefaces have become the most prevalent for display of text on computer screens. On lower-resolution digital displays, fine details like serifs may disappear or appear too lar…

Evidence: 36 • authority: 80

To write or to type? The effects of handwriting and word-processing on the written style of examination essays

Evidence: 36 • authority: 72

In typography, a serif () is a small line or stroke regularly attached to the end of a larger stroke in a letter or symbol within a particular font or family of fonts. A typeface or "font family" making use of serifs is called a serif typeface (or serifed typeface), like so, and a typeface that does not include them is sans-serif. Some typography sources refer to sans-serif typefaces as "grotesque" (in German, grotesk) or "Gothic" (although this often refers to blackletter type as well). In German usage, the term Antiqua is used more broadly for serif types. Serif typefaces can be broadly classified into one of four subgroups: Old-style, Transitional, Didone, and Slab serif, in order of fir…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Calligraphy (from Ancient Greek καλλιγραφία (kalligraphía) 'beautiful writing') is fine handwriting as a visual art. It involves the design and execution of lettering or characters using a pen, ink brush, or other writing instruments. Classical calligraphy differs from type design and non-classical hand-lettering, though some calligraphers may practice both. In East Asia and the Islamic world, calligraphy is a prominent element in art. Its visual form is often influenced by the meaning of the text as a whole or the individual words. Modern Western calligraphy is mainly used in formal settings, including wedding invitations and announcements, as well as in type and computer font design, lett…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Antiqua () is a style of typeface used to mimic styles of handwriting or calligraphy common during the 15th and 16th centuries. Letters are designed to flow, and strokes connect together in a continuous fashion; in this way it is often contrasted with Fraktur-style typefaces where the individual strokes are broken apart. The two typefaces were used alongside each other in the Germanophone world, with the Antiqua–Fraktur dispute often dividing along ideological or political lines. After the mid-20th century, Fraktur fell out of favor and Antiqua-based typefaces became the official standard in Germany. (In German, the term "Antiqua" refers to serif typefaces.)

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Cursive (also known as joined-up writing or real writing) is any style of penmanship in which characters are written joined in a flowing manner, generally for the purpose of making writing faster, in contrast to block letters. It varies in function and modern-day usage across languages and regions, used both publicly in artistic and formal documents and in private communication. Formal cursive is generally joined, while casual cursive combines joins with pen lifts. The writing style can be further divided into "looped", "italic", or "connected". Many alphabets use cursive because infrequent pen lifting increases writing speed. However, more elaborate or ornamental calligraphic styles of wri…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The term "chancery hand" can refer to either of two distinct styles of historical handwriting. A chancery hand was at first a form of handwriting for business transactions that developed in the Lateran chancery (the Cancelleria Apostolica) of the 13th century, then spread to France, notably through the Avignon Papacy, and to England after 1350. This early "chancery hand" is a form of blackletter. Versions of it were adopted by royal and ducal chanceries, which were often staffed by clerics who had taken minor orders. A later cursive "chancery hand", also developed in the Vatican but based on humanist minuscule (itself based on Carolingian minuscule), was introduced in the 1420s by Niccolò N…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A (minuscule: a) is the first letter and the first vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, and others worldwide. Its name in English is a (pronounced as in say), plural aes. It is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which it derives. The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version is often written in one of two forms: the double-storey |a| and single-storey |ɑ|. The latter form is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in italic type.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

In Latin script typography, roman is one of the three main kinds of historical type, alongside blackletter and italic. Sometimes called normal or regular, it is distinct from these two for its upright style (relative to the calligraphy-inspired italic) and its simplicity (relative to blackletter). During the early Renaissance, roman (in the form of Antiqua) and italic type were used separately. Today, roman and italic type are mixed, and most typefaces are composed of both an upright roman style and an associated italic or oblique style.

Evidence: — • authority: 88

The Travails of Italy Viewed from the Chancery. Abstract In all his major works—The Prince, the Discourses on Livy, the Art of War, and the Florentine Histories—Machiavelli deplored the sufferings of Italy at the hands of foreign invaders, the incompetent rulers of the Italian states, mercenaries, and the Church. As a chancery official in the Florentine republic between 1498 and 1512 and a frequent envoy to the most powerful rulers in Europe and Italy, he had to be circumspect about overt criticism. But he found opportunities to express both his dismay and some initial reflections on the causes of Italy’s parlous state. In the narrative poem called the Decennale, written in 1504, he recount…