bohater-bez-cenzury: Emma (novel)

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Emma is a novel written by English author Jane Austen. It is set in the fictional Surrey village of Highbury and the surrounding estates of Hartfield, Randalls, and Donwell Abbey, and involves the relationships among people from a small number of families. The novel was first published in December 1815, although the title page is dated 1816. As in her other novels, Austen explores the concerns and difficulties of genteel women living in Georgian–Regency England. Emma is a comedy of manners. Before she began the novel, Austen wrote, "I am going to take a heroine whom no one but myself will much like." In the first sentence, she introduces the title character by stating "Emma Woodhouse, hands…

Evidence: 50 • authority: 72

Jane Austen ( OST-in, AW-stin; 16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English writer known primarily for her six novels, which implicitly interpret, critique, and comment on the English landed gentry at the end of the 18th century. Austen's plots often explore the dependence of women on marriage for the pursuit of favourable social standing and economic security. Her works are implicit critiques of the novels of sensibility of the second half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th-century literary realism. Her use of social commentary, realism, wit, and irony have earned her acclaim amongst critics and scholars. Austen wrote major novels before the age of 22, but she wa…

Evidence: 46 • authority: 72

The reception history of Jane Austen follows a path from modest fame to wild popularity. Jane Austen (1775–1817), the author of such works as Pride and Prejudice (1813) and Emma (1815), has become one of the best-known and most widely read novelists in the English language. Her novels are the subject of intense scholarly study and the centre of a diverse fan culture. During her lifetime, Austen's novels brought her little personal fame. Like many women writers, she chose to publish anonymously, but her authorship was an open secret. At the time they were published, Austen's works were considered fashionable, but received only a few reviews, albeit positive. By the mid-19th century, her nove…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 72

Emma is a 1996 British-American period comedy film based on the 1815 novel of the same name by Jane Austen. Written and directed by Douglas McGrath, and produced by Patrick Cassavetti and Steven Haft, the film stars Gwyneth Paltrow, Alan Cumming, Toni Collette, Ewan McGregor, and Jeremy Northam. The film follows a young 19th-century English woman named Emma Woodhouse who, while matchmaking for friends and neighbours, nearly misses her chance at love. The film was first released on 7 June 1996 on the Seattle International Film Festival, and then was theatrically released on 2 August 1996 by Miramax Films in the United States, and on 13 September 1996 in the United Kingdom. It received positi…

Evidence: 41 • authority: 72

Mansfield Park is the third published novel by the English author Jane Austen, first published in 1814 by Thomas Egerton. A second edition was published in 1816 by John Murray, still within Austen's lifetime. The novel did not receive any public reviews until 1821. The novel tells the story of Fanny Price, starting when her overburdened family sends her at the age of ten to live in the household of her wealthy aunt and uncle and following her development into early adulthood. From early on critical interpretation has been diverse, differing particularly over the character of the heroine, Austen's views about theatrical performance and the centrality or otherwise of ordination and religion,…

Evidence: 39 • authority: 72

The author Jane Austen and her novels have been represented in popular culture in a wide variety of forms for nearly two centuries. Adaptations and re-interpretations of her work span literature, illustration, theatre, film, television, digital media, and fan culture, making Austen one of the most continually reimagined authors in the English-speaking world. Jane Austen (16 December 1775 – 18 July 1817) was an English novelist whose nuanced social observation, ironic narrative voice, and pioneering use of free indirect speech have secured her position among the most influential writers in the history of English literature. Her six major novels—Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Man…

Evidence: 36 • authority: 72

Jane Austen's literary universe includes historical, geographical, and sociological aspects specific to the period and regions of England in which her novels are set. Since the second half of the 20th century, a growing body of research has focused not only on the literary qualities of these novels but also on their historical background, analyzing their economic and ideological aspects and highlighting the relevance of Jane Austen's works in these areas. On the other hand, a veritable cult has gradually grown up around the writer and her work, initially in the English-speaking world, but now spreading beyond it, and popular culture has taken hold of the universe she created. Jane Austen wr…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 72

Clueless is a 1995 American coming-of-age teen comedy film written and directed by Amy Heckerling. It stars Alicia Silverstone and was produced by Scott Rudin and Robert Lawrence. Loosely adapted from Jane Austen's 1815 novel Emma, the film follows a "beautiful, popular, wealthy" high school student who wants to do "good deeds". She befriends a newcomer and decides to give her a makeover while playing matchmaker for her teachers and examining her own life. Filming took place in Southern California over a 40-day schedule. To develop an authentic depiction of 1990s teenage culture, Heckerling observed students at Beverly Hills High School and incorporated contemporary slang into the dialogue.…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 72

Emma is a 1996 drama television film based on the 1815 novel by Jane Austen, directed by Diarmuid Lawrence and written by Andrew Davies. This film stars Kate Beckinsale as the title character, and also features Samantha Morton as Harriet Smith and Mark Strong as Mr. Knightley. Davies had made the successful 1995 television serial Pride and Prejudice for the BBC when he proposed to adapt Emma for the corporation. The BBC had already made an agreement with another screenwriter, leading Davies to approach ITV instead. Emma is a co-production of the United Kingdom and the United States. It aired in the United Kingdom on ITV on 24 November 1996, and in the United States on A&E on 16 February 199…

Evidence: 25 • authority: 72

The Regency era of British history is commonly understood as the years between c. 1795 and 1837, although the official regency for which it is named only spanned the years 1811 to 1820. King George III first suffered debilitating illness in the late 1780s, and relapsed into his final mental illness in 1810. By the Regency Act 1811, his eldest son George, Prince of Wales, was appointed Prince Regent to discharge royal functions. The Prince had been a major force in Society for decades. When George III died in 1820, the Prince Regent succeeded him as George IV. In terms of periodisation, the longer timespan is roughly the final third of the Georgian era (1714–1837), encompassing the last 25 y…

Evidence: 23 • authority: 72

Mothers of the Novel: 100 Good Women Writers Before Jane Austen (1986), by Dale Spender, is a foundational study for the reclamation project central to feminist literary studies in English in the late 1980s and 1990s.

Evidence: 20 • authority: 80

Donwell Abbey and Box Hill: Purity and Danger in Jane Austen’s<i>Emma</i>