Ciekawostka: The thyroid cartilage is more commonly known as

Evidence: 37 • authority: 92

Primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the thyroid gland: a case report and literature review.. Background Primary thyroid adenoid cystic carcinoma (PT-ACC) is an extremely rare malignant tumor, accounting for a negligible proportion of thyroid malignancies. It predominantly affects men and lacks unified clinical diagnostic criteria, resulting in a high rate of misdiagnosis. Owing to the scarcity of reported cases in female patients, we present this case with detailed ultrasonographic findings, pathological features, and 18-month follow-up data to supplement clinical evidence in this underrepresented population and to aid differential diagnosis and treatment strategies. Case description A 39-y…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 90

The significance of light cells of the thyroid gland, and their relationship to thyroid tumors.. The adult mammalian thyroid (122) is a bilobed, highly vascular, solid organ related to the pretracheal fascia which binds it to the larynx and trachea. It is invested by a true fibrous capsule, which is continuous with the stroma of the gland. The thyroid consists of a pair of lobes joined across the anterior aspect of the trachea by the isthmus. Each lobe extends proximally along the lateral aspect of the thyroid cartilage, and distally along the upper part of the trachea. The lobes are related medially, to the thyroid and cricoids cartilages, to the trachea and oesophagus, and to the external…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 92

Omics Studies in Osteoarthritis: A Review of Molecular Mechanisms and Candidate Molecules.. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease of unknown etiology that can occur in joints throughout the body, especially with articular cartilage lesions of the knee joint and hip joint. Osteoarthritis not only causes joint pain, deformity, and functional impairment, but also significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular events, deep vein thrombosis in the lower limbs, and hip fractures. Up to now, there have been no specific medications available for the treatment of osteoarthritis, and the disease remains incurable. Therefore, identifying reliable biomarkers is crucial for achieving a more accurate…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 72

Globus pharyngeus (also termed globus pharyngis, globus hystericus, or globus sensation) is the persistent but painless sensation of having a pill, food bolus, or some other sort of obstruction in the throat when there is none. Swallowing is typically performed normally, so it is not a true case of dysphagia, but it can become quite irritating. It is common, with 22–45% of people experiencing it at least once in their lifetime.

Evidence: 33 • authority: 72

The thyroid, or thyroid gland, is an endocrine gland in vertebrates. In humans, it is a butterfly-shaped or H-shaped gland located in the neck below the Adam's apple. It consists of two connected lobes. The lower two thirds of the lobes are connected by a thin band of tissue called the isthmus (pl.: isthmi). Microscopically, the functional unit of the thyroid gland is the spherical thyroid follicle, lined with follicular cells (thyrocytes), and occasional parafollicular cells that surround a lumen containing colloid. The thyroid gland secretes three hormones: the two thyroid hormones – triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) – and a peptide hormone, calcitonin. The thyroid hormones influen…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 72

The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the laryngeal skeleton, the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx. It does not completely encircle the larynx (only the cricoid cartilage encircles it).

Evidence: 33 • authority: 72

The Adam's apple is the protrusion in the neck formed by the angle of the thyroid cartilage surrounding the larynx, typically visible in men and less so in women. The prominence of the Adam's apple increases in most men as a secondary sex characteristic during puberty.

Evidence: 29 • authority: 72

The inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscle is a skeletal muscle of the neck. It is the thickest of the three outer pharyngeal muscles. It arises from the sides of the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage. It is supplied by the vagus nerve (CN X). It is active during swallowing, and partially during breathing and speech. It may be affected by Zenker's diverticulum.

Evidence: 29 • authority: 90

Molecular Aspects of Thyroid Calcification. In thyroid cancer, calcification is mainly present in classical papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), despite being described in benign lesions and in other subtypes of thyroid carcinomas. Thyroid calcifications are classified according to their diameter and location. At ultrasonography, microcalcifications appear as hyperechoic spots ≤ 1 mm in diameter and can be named as stromal calcification, bone formation, or psammoma bodies (PBs), whereas calcifications > 1 mm are macrocalcifications. The mechanism of their formation is still poorly understood. Microcalcifications are generally accepted as a reliable ind…

Evidence: 29 • authority: 72

Human anatomy (gr. ἀνατομία, "dissection", from ἀνά, "up", and τέμνειν, "cut") is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the human body. Anatomy is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy (also called macroscopic anatomy, topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by the naked eye. Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with microscopes, which includes histology (the study of the organization of tissues), and cytology (the study of cells). Anatomy, human physiology (the study of function), and biochemistry (the study of the chemistry of living st…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Normal Table of Xenopus development: a new graphical resource.. Normal tables of development are essential for studies of embryogenesis, serving as an important resource for model organisms, including the frog Xenopus laevis. Xenopus has long been used to study developmental and cell biology, and is an increasingly important model for human birth defects and disease, genomics, proteomics and toxicology. Scientists utilize Nieuwkoop and Faber's classic 'Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin)' and accompanying illustrations to enable experimental reproducibility and reuse the illustrations in new publications and teaching. However, it is no longer possible to obtain permission for these copy…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Retrograde Thyroidectomy for preservation of the External Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve: A case series.. Background The external branch of the Superior Laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) is at high risk of injury in surgery for large multinodular goitre (MNG) since the upper pole is high in the neck, well cephalad to the EBSLN. We present a technique of drawing the lobe caudally by retrograde thyroidectomy in order to minimize nerve injury. Design & method All patients having surgery for benign MNG were included. Cases with previous thyroid surgery, malignant and toxic disease were excluded. The thyroid lobe was mobilized from its inferior aspect and capsular dissection performed cephalad wit…