energia: Thermal radiation

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by the thermal motion of particles in matter. All matter with a temperature greater than absolute zero emits thermal radiation. The emission of energy arises from a combination of electronic, molecular, and lattice oscillations in a material. Kinetic energy is converted to electromagnetism due to charge-acceleration or dipole oscillation. At room temperature, most of the emission is in the infrared (IR) spectrum, though above around 525 °C (977 °F) enough of it becomes visible for the matter to visibly glow. This visible glow is called incandescence. Thermal radiation is one of the fundamental mechanisms of heat transfer, along with con…

Evidence: 68 • authority: 92

EDC-YOLO-World-DB: A Model for Dairy Cow ROI Detection and Temperature Extraction Under Complex Conditions.. Body temperature serves as a crucial indicator of dairy cow health. Traditional rectal temperature (RT) measurement often induces stress responses in animals. Body temperature detection based on infrared thermography (IRT) offers non-invasive and timely advantages, contributing to welfare-oriented farming practices. However, automated detection and temperature extraction from critical cow regions are susceptible to complex illumination, black-and-white fur texture interference, and region of interest (ROI) deformation, resulting in low detection accuracy and poor robustness. To addre…

Evidence: 68 • authority: 72

Infrared thermography (IRT), also known as thermal imaging, is a measurement and imaging technique in which a thermal camera detects infrared radiation originating from the surface of objects. This radiation has two main components: thermal emission from the object's surface, which depends on its temperature and emissivity, and reflected radiation from surrounding sources. When the object is not (fully) opaque, i.e. exhibits nonzero transmissivity at the cameras operating wavelengths, transmitted radiation also contributes to the observed signal. The result is a visible image called a thermogram. Thermal cameras most commonly operate in the long-wave infrared (LWIR) range (7–14 μm); less fr…

Evidence: 56 • authority: 92

An RPP-YOLOv11 model for road crack detection.. Accurate and efficient road crack detection serves as a critical component in smart transportation systems and infrastructure maintenance. Existing YOLO series models still exhibit limitations in detecting cracks due to their sensitivity to subtle details, diverse morphological variations, and complex background interference from road surfaces. Building upon YOLOv11, this study enhances road crack detection capabilities through three core innovations: 1) Implementing an early-stage fusion strategy combining visible light and thermal infrared images (RGBT) to improve environmental adaptability; 2) Adopting windmill-shaped convolution modules (P…

Evidence: 49 • authority: 80

Fusion of near-infrared and visible light images under hazy environment using multiplicative dark channel prior

Evidence: 49 • authority: 92

Development and Characterization of Near-Infrared Detectable Twin Dye Patterns on Polyester Packaging for Smart Optical Tagging.. Smart polyester materials with embedded near-infrared (NIR) functionalities offer a promising pathway for low-cost, covert tagging, and object identification. In this study we present the development and characterization of polyester packaging surfaces printed with spectrally matched twin dyes that are invisible under visible light but selectively absorbed in the NIR region. The dye patterns were applied using a Direct-to-Film transfer (DTF) method onto polyester substrates. To validate their optical behavior, we applied a dual measurement approach. Laboratory gr…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 80

Visible to infrared low temperature photoluminescence of rare earth doped bismuth germanate crystals

Evidence: 43 • authority: 80

Figure 1: Visible light and infrared images of salamanders.

Evidence: 43 • authority: 72

Infrared radiation (IR; sometimes called infrared light) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with wavelengths longer than that of visible light but shorter than microwaves. The infrared spectral band begins with the waves that are just longer than those of red light (the longest waves in the visible spectrum), so IR is, per definition, invisible to the human eye. IR is generally (according to ISO, CIE) understood to include wavelengths from around 780 nm (380 THz) to 1 mm (300 GHz). IR is commonly divided between longer-wavelength thermal IR, emitted from terrestrial sources, and shorter-wavelength IR, or near IR, part of the solar spectrum. Longer IR wavelengths (30–100 μm) are sometimes in…

Evidence: 37 • authority: 92

Infrared Imaging for Autonomous Power Inspection: A Review from Detector to System Integration.. The transition toward smart grids and Industry 4.0 demands a fundamental shift in maintenance strategies, as manual inspection methods are increasingly being supplanted by automated monitoring systems. Among the advanced technologies for smart inspection, infrared imaging has advantages including non-contact operation, intuitive visualization, and predictive capabilities, which has become a cornerstone for autonomous inspection of critical power infrastructure. This review provides recent advancements in infrared imaging, with a specific focus on automated power system inspection. The discussion…

Evidence: 37 • authority: 72

The history of radiation protection begins at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries with the realization that ionizing radiation from natural and artificial sources can have harmful effects on living organisms. As a result, the study of radiation damage also became a part of this history. While radioactive materials and X-rays were once handled carelessly, increasing awareness of the dangers of radiation in the 20th century led to the implementation of various preventive measures worldwide, resulting in the establishment of radiation protection regulations. Although radiologists were the first victims, they also played a crucial role in advancing radiological progress and their sacrifices…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Automated Auricular Surface Temperature Monitoring in Asian Elephants Using Deep Learning and Infrared Thermography.. Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus ) face substantial thermoregulatory constraints because of their large body size, low relative surface area, sparse hair, and lack of functional sweat glands. Reliable body temperature measurement is essential for assessing thermal status and evaluating welfare in both wild and managed populations, but conventional rectal thermometry requires close physical contact, animal training, and repeated manual handling, making high-frequency, continuous, large-scale monitoring impractical. This study developed a non-invasive framework for automatica…