szkoła-i-dom: Cai Lun

Evidence: 71 • authority: 72

China has been the source of many innovations, scientific discoveries and inventions. This includes the Four Great Inventions: papermaking, the compass, gunpowder, and early printing (both woodblock and movable type). The list below contains these and other inventions in ancient and modern China attested by archaeological or historical evidence, including prehistoric inventions of Neolithic and early Bronze Age China. The historical region now known as China experienced a history involving Steel, hydraulics and mathematics applied to horology, metallurgy, astronomy, agriculture, engineering, music theory, craftsmanship, naval architecture and warfare. Use of the plow during the Neolithic pe…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

Many significant developments in the history of science and technology in China took place during the Han dynasty (202 BCE – 220 CE). The Han period saw great innovations in metallurgy. Following the inventions of the blast furnace and cupola furnace during the Zhou dynasty (c. 1046 – 256 BCE) to make pig iron and cast iron respectively, the Han period saw the development of steel and wrought iron by use of the finery forge and puddling process. With the drilling of deep boreholes into the earth, the Chinese used not only derricks to lift brine up to the surface to be boiled into salt, but also set up bamboo-crafted pipeline transport systems which brought natural gas as fuel to the furnace…

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly significant technological inventions and their inventors, where known. This page lists non-incremental inventions that are widely recognised by reliable sources as having had a direct impact on the course of history that was profound, global, and enduring. The dates in this article frequently use the units mya and kya, which refer to millions and thousands of years ago, respectively.

Evidence: 42 • authority: 72

The history of China spans several millennia across a wide geographical area. Chinese civilization originated in the Yellow and Yangtze river basins, evolving into one of the world's oldest cradles of civilization. Traditional historiography views this past through the lens of the dynastic cycle. The earliest confirmed historical period begins with the Shang dynasty (c. 1250 BC), which left the oldest surviving oracle bone inscriptions. It was followed by the Zhou dynasty (c. 1046 – 256 BC), an era that introduced the Mandate of Heaven and laid the philosophical foundations for Confucianism, Taoism, and Legalism. China was first unified under a centralized imperial state by Qin Shi Huang in…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 80

A comparison of achievement on a test of gardening practices between students who have had summer gardens, those who have had none, as well as between students who have had only the classroom preparation but not the summer follow‐up

Evidence: 38 • authority: 80

Various "Four Great Inventions" of China

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

Cai Lun (Chinese: 蔡伦; courtesy name: Jingzhong (敬仲); c. 50–62 – 121 CE), formerly romanized as Ts'ai Lun, was a Chinese eunuch court official of the Eastern Han dynasty. He occupies a pivotal place in the history of paper due to his addition of pulp via tree bark and hemp ends which resulted in the large-scale manufacture and worldwide spread of paper. Although Cai is traditionally regarded as the inventor of paper, earlier forms of paper have existed since the 3rd century BCE, so his contributions were an innovation, rather than an invention. Born in Guiyang Commandery (in what is now Leiyang), Cai arrived at the imperial court in Luoyang by 75 CE, where he served as a chamberlain for Empe…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 80

Western Transmission of the Four Great Chinese Inventions

Evidence: 33 • authority: 80

Those Who Had to Move On, and Those Who Stayed, with Nothing

Evidence: — • authority: 80

More, Sir Anthony, who is also known as Antonio Moro, but whose name was properly Anthonis Mor (1512?–1576?)

Evidence: — • authority: 80

The Four Great Inventions and Their Impact on Civilizations

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Paper is a thin sheet of matted cellulose fibers. Largely derived from lignocellulose, paper is created from a pulp dissolved into a slurry that is drained and dried into sheets. Different types of paper are defined by constituent fiber, paper pulp, sizing, coating, paper size, paper density and grammage. The papermaking process developed in East Asia at least as early as 105 CE by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although archaeological evidence exists of 2nd century BCE paper-like material in China. Before the industrialization of paper production, the most common paper was rag paper, made from discarded natural fiber textiles collected by ragpickers. The 1843 invention of wood pulp, coupled…