technologia: Aphasia

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Aphasia, also known as dysphasia, is an impairment in a person's ability to comprehend or formulate language because of dysfunction in specific brain regions. The major causes are stroke and head trauma; prevalence is hard to determine, but aphasia due to stroke is estimated to be 0.1–0.4% in developed countries. Aphasia can also be the result of brain tumors, epilepsy, autoimmune neurological diseases like multiple sclerosis, infection of the brain, or neurodegenerative diseases like dementias. To be diagnosed with aphasia, a person's ability to produce and/or comprehend written and/or spoken language must be significantly impaired. In the case of progressive aphasia, this impairment progr…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 72

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neuron disease (MND), Lou Gehrig's disease or Charcot's disease (English: shar-KOH, French: [ʃaʁko]), is a rare terminal neurodegenerative disease defined by the progressive loss of both upper and lower motor neurons that normally control voluntary muscle contraction. ALS is the most common of the motor neuron diseases. ALS often presents with gradual muscle stiffness, twitches, weakness, and wasting. Motor neuron loss typically continues until the ability to eat, speak, move, and breathe without mechanical support is lost. At least 50% of people with ALS experience significant changes in thinking and behavior, with 15% of individuals…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 92

Case Report: Distinctive features of cognitive dysfunction and amelioration by antiseizure medication in neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease.. Aim Neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease (NIID) is a rare neurodegenerative disease. We investigated a role of nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) in cognitive dysfunction in pathologically confirmed NIID. We also analyzed distinctive factors to differentiate NIID from Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods A 63-year-old man presented with transient consciousness disturbance (Day 1). For previous 6 years he had been suffering from similar episodes and gradually progressive cognitive decline. Clinical characteristics and response to antiseizure…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

The first reported case of <i>Balamuthia</i> amoebic encephalitis initially presenting as anti-NMDAR encephalitis.. Balamuthia mandrillaris (B. mandrillaris) is a highly pathogenic free-living amoeba that can invade the central nervous system and cause Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis (BAE). BAE is associated with an extremely high mortality rate, and no treatment regimen with well-established efficacy is currently available. We report a case of BAE in a 63-year-old man who was initially diagnosed with anti- N -methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. Because the patient initially exhibited no overt signs of infection and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) fai…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

Case Report: Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated cortical encephalitis masked by peri-ictal magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities.. One phenotype of cerebral cortical encephalitis in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) is FLAMES (fluid-attenuated inversion recovery-hyperintense lesions in anti-MOG-associated encephalitis with seizures). FLAMES is characterized by its imaging features and epileptic seizures. We present a case in which these findings were masked by peri-ictal magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities (PMAs) associated with status epilepticus, making differentiation difficult. A middle-aged woman presenting with p…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

A neurological disorder is any disorder of the nervous system. Structural, biochemical or electrical abnormalities in the brain, spinal cord, or other nerves can result in a range of symptoms. Examples of symptoms include paralysis, muscle weakness, poor coordination, loss of sensation, seizures, confusion, pain, tauopathies, and altered levels of consciousness. There are many recognized neurological disorders; some are relatively common, but many are rare. Interventions for neurological disorders include preventive measures, lifestyle changes, physiotherapy or other therapy, neurorehabilitation, pain management, medication, operations performed by neurosurgeons, or a specific diet. The Wor…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

Brain injury, also known as brain damage or neurotrauma, is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells. It may result from external trauma, such as accidents or falls, or from internal factors, such as strokes, infections, or metabolic disorders. Traumatic brain injury (TBI), the most common type of brain injury, is typically caused by external physical trauma to the head. Acquired brain injuries occur after birth, in contrast to congenital brain injuries that patients are born with. In addition, brain injuries can be classified by timing: primary injuries occur at the moment of trauma, while secondary injuries develop afterward due to physiological responses. They can also be categoriz…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 72

Expressive aphasia (also known as Broca's aphasia) is a type of aphasia characterized by partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual, or written), although comprehension generally remains intact. A person with expressive aphasia will exhibit effortful speech. Speech generally includes important content words but leaves out function words that have more grammatical significance than physical meaning, such as prepositions and articles. This is known as "telegraphic speech". The person's intended message may still be understood, but their sentence will not be grammatically correct. In very severe forms of expressive aphasia, a person may only speak using single word utteran…