street-food: Botulism

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

Botulism is a rare and potentially fatal illness caused by botulinum toxin (commonly referred to as botox), which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The disease begins with weakness, blurred vision, fatigue, and trouble speaking. This may then be followed by weakness of the arms, chest muscles, and legs. Vomiting, swelling of the abdomen, and diarrhea may also occur. The disease does not usually affect consciousness or cause a fever. Botulism can occur in several ways. The bacterial spores that cause it are common in both soil and water and are very resistant. They produce the botulinum toxin when exposed to low oxygen levels and certain temperatures. Foodborne botulism hap…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 88

Initial overcorrection after surgery for intermittent exotropia in children less than 4 years old: Comparison with older children. Purpose While initial overcorrection after exotropia-correcting surgery is widely accepted for a favorable long-term outcome, some have not advocated such overcorrection in younger children owing to concerns regarding rapid deterioration of bifixation ability. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between initial overcorrection after intermittent exotropia surgery and the surgical outcome in patients aged <4 years. Methods In this retrospective study, 391 patients who had undergone surgery for intermittent exotropia were classified into two groups accord…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 80

Syrup of ipecac in children less than one year of age

Evidence: 44 • authority: 88

THREE CASES OF MYOCARDITIS IN CHILDREN LESS THAN ONE YEAR OF AGE. A brief discussion of the historic aspects of myocarditis in children is given. Three cases are presented as myocarditis, showing cardiac enlargement, absence of significant murmurs, marked electrocardiographic changes and normal blood pressure. In two of the cases the electrocardiograms improved and the size of the heart decreased as the patients made clinical improvement during a 12- to 18-month period. In the third patient, who died, pathologic reports are presented as well as electrocardiographic records. Although myocarditis is not frequently found in children less than 1 year of age, its presence must be suspected in ch…

Evidence: 44 • authority: 72

Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease. This article focuses on the bacteria that are pathogenic to humans. Most species of bacteria are harmless and many are beneficial but others can cause infectious diseases. The number of these pathogenic species in humans is estimated to be fewer than a hundred. By contrast, several thousand species are considered part of the gut flora, with a few hundred species present in each individual human's digestive tract. The body is continually exposed to many species of bacteria, including beneficial commensals, which grow on the skin and mucous membranes, and saprophytes, which grow mainly in the soil and in decaying matter. The blood and t…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 80

KAWASAKI DISEASE IN INFANTS LESS THAN ONE YEAR OF AGE: AN ITALIAN COHORT

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

Development of Effective Medical Countermeasures Against the Main Biowarfare Agents: The Importance of Antibodies.. The COVID-19 and mpox crisis has reminded the world of the potentially catastrophic consequences of biological agents. Aside from the natural risk, biological agents can also be weaponized or used for bioterrorism. Dissemination in a population or among livestock could be used to destabilize a nation by creating a climate of terror, by negatively impacting the economy and undermining institutions. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) classify biological agents into three categories (A or Tier 1, B and C) according to the risk they pose to the public and nationa…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

Encephalitic Alphaviruses: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development.. Eastern, Venezuelan, and Western equine encephalitis viruses (EEEV, VEEV, and WEEV) are encephalitic alphaviruses transmitted by mosquitoes throughout the Americas. Infection by these viruses can present in humans as a febrile illness; however, it may progress into potentially life-threatening encephalitis. Currently, no publicly licensed vaccines are available, and at-risk individuals are restricted to superseded vaccines. Here, we will review recent advances in our understanding of how these viruses spread among animal populations and cause disease, and how we can manage their diagnosis and treatment. Addition…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Understanding Healthy Protective Mechanisms Against Old Age

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Ocular Biometry Distribution and One-Year Growth in Eight-Year-Old Southern European Schoolchildren Under the CISViT Project. Objective: To analyse variations in axial length (AL), corneal radius (CR) and the AL/CR ratio over one year in eight-year-old schoolchildren, considering sex, ethnicity and refractive error. Methods: Vision screenings were conducted in 16 schools in Terrassa (Barcelona, Spain) with eight-year-old children as part of the CISViT project. Measurements included ocular biometrics (AL and CR) and non-cycloplegic autorefraction for refractive error. Parental questionnaires provided demographic data (birth date, ethnicity). The same procedures were repeated after one year.…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), sometimes known as cot death or crib death, is the sudden, unexplained death of a child of less than one year of age. Diagnosis requires that the death remain unexplained even after a thorough autopsy and detailed death scene investigation. SIDS usually occurs between the hours of midnight and 9:00 a.m., or when the baby is sleeping. There is usually no noise or evidence of struggle. SIDS remains one of the leading causes of infant mortality in Western countries, constituting almost 1/3 of all post-neonatal deaths. The exact cause of SIDS is unknown. The requirement of a combination of factors including a specific underlying susceptibility, a specific ti…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Honey vs. pharmacological treatment for acute cough in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.. This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) aimed to compare honey with pharmacological treatment in pediatric patients with acute cough. Studies were searched across 5 databases. Analyzed outcomes were cough frequency, severity, and bothersomeness, alongside its impact on the sleep of both children and caregivers. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed using the Review Manager Web tool. A post-hoc subgroup and leave-one-out sensitivity analysis were conducted to evaluate the influence of individual studies and med…