rośliny-i-grzyby: Taxonomy (biology)

Evidence: 56 • authority: 72

Springtails (class Collembola) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects, the others being Protura and Diplura. Although the three lineages are sometimes grouped together in a class called Entognatha because they have internal mouthparts, they do not appear to be any more closely related to one another than they are to insects, which have external mouthparts. There are more than 9,000 species worldwide. Springtails are omnivorous, free-living organisms that prefer moist conditions. They do not directly engage in the decomposition of organic matter, but contribute to it indirectly through the fragmentation of organic matter and the contro…

Evidence: 56 • authority: 72

A species (pl. species) is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. It can be defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction. Other ways of defining species include their karyotype, DNA sequence, morphology, behaviour, or ecological niche. In addition, palaeontologists use the concept of the chronospecies since fossil reproduction cannot be examined. The most recent rigorous estimate for the total number of species of eukaryotes is between 8 and 8.7 million. About 14% of these had been described by 20…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 72

A protist () is any eukaryotic organism (one with cells containing a nucleus) that is not an animal, plant, or fungus. The protists do not form a natural group, or clade, since they exclude certain eukaryotes with whom they share a common ancestor; but, like algae or invertebrates, the grouping is used for convenience. In some systems of biological classification, such as the five-kingdom scheme proposed by Robert Whittaker in 1969, the protists make up a kingdom called Protista, composed of "organisms which are unicellular or unicellular-colonial and which form no tissues". In the 21st century, the classification shifted toward a phylogenetic classification of protists. The following group…

Evidence: 37 • authority: 92

Bioinformatic assessment of the potential amyloidogenicity of the human and evolutionarily more ancient proteomes.. AmyloGram is a computer program that uses n-gram encoding and a random forest classifier to produce a numerical score between 0 and 1 for the predicted amyloidogenicity of a given protein sequence. In a variety of recent studies, we have used AmyloGram to obtain an overall amyloidogenicity score for members of the human proteome. Of 83,567 full-length canonical human polypeptides, 79.2% had a score exceeding 0.7 (the median was 0.813), consistent with the view that most natural protein sequences contain elements that are in fact potentially amyloidogenic. Here, we first asked…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Geomorphological mapping of the state of Mato Grosso: taxonomic hierarchy and geomorphometric parameters. The geomorphological mapping of the state of Mato Grosso is presented, integrating theoretical and methodological perspectives of geomorphometry, the history of local geomorphological cartography and discussions within the scope of the SBCR. A hierarchical classification was established in four taxons with morphological emphasis (macro landforms, morphostructures, landform units and landform patterns), whose mapping parameters were based on geomorphometric attributes. The proposal focused on the semantic issues used to express the conceptual (qualitative) models of landforms and the cla…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Figure 2: The agreement between taxon assignments, grouped by taxonomic rank.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Idealism in philosophy, also known as philosophical idealism or metaphysical idealism, is the set of metaphysical perspectives asserting that, most fundamentally, reality is equivalent to mind, spirit, or consciousness; that reality or truth is entirely a mental construct; or that ideas are the highest type of reality or have the greatest claim to being considered "real". Because there are different types of idealism, it is difficult to define the term uniformly. Indian philosophy contains some of the first defenses of idealism, such as in Vedanta and in Shaiva Pratyabhijña thought. These systems of thought argue for an all-pervading consciousness as the true nature and ground of reality. I…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

In biological taxonomy, race is an informal rank in the taxonomic hierarchy for which various definitions exist. Sometimes it is used to denote a level below that of subspecies, while at other times it is used as a synonym for subspecies. It has been used as a higher rank than strain, with several strains making up one race. Races may be genetically distinct populations of individuals within the same species, or they may be defined in other ways, e.g. geographically, or physiologically. Genetic isolation between races is not complete, but genetic differences may have accumulated that are not (yet) sufficient to separate species. The term is recognized by some, but not governed by any of the…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

In biological taxonomy, class (Latin: classis) is a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit (i.e., a taxon) in that rank. It is a group of related taxonomic orders. Other well-known ranks in descending order of size are domain, kingdom, phylum, order, family, genus, and species, with class ranking between phylum and order.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

In biological taxonomy, a taxonomic rank denotes the level that a group of organisms—either taxon or clade—occupies in a hierarchical system of classification, which is usually but not necessarily based on evolutionary relationships between those organisms. Some authors prefer to use the term nomenclatural rank, contending that, according to some definitions, the hierarchical rank occupied by a group of organisms is more accurately described as concept of nomenclature rather than taxonomy. In general, the most inclusive taxa (or clades), such as the Eukarya and Animalia, are assigned the highest ranks in a particular system of taxonomy, whereas the least inclusive ones, such as Homo sapiens…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

How similar are species names and why does this matter for biodiversity data.. Standardising taxonomic names is an essential step in biodiversity studies to ensure robust data aggregation under the most recent accepted species nomenclature. Fuzzy (inexact) matching is widely used in this process to detect correspondences between scientific names that differ due to alternative spelling or orthographic mistakes. Such an approach assumes that species names are sufficiently distinct such that names differing in just a few characters in fact refer to the same taxon, but this has rarely been evaluated. Across c. 230,000 marine species names, we show that name similarity is common: 19.34% of speci…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Host-Microbiome Integration as a Biomarker Framework in Esophageal Cancer: Current Evidence and Translational Challenges.. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have improved outcomes in esophageal cancer across settings, yet clinical benefit remains heterogeneous, with current host-derived biomarkers incompletely predicting response. This mini review evaluates recent studies that integrate gut or intratumoral microbial features with host immune, molecular, or metabolic assessment in esophageal cancer. We classify the evidence using a four-level hierarchy of host-microbiome integration: ecological association, functional association, mechanistic integration, and clinical predictive integration. Tiss…