kolej-i-drogi: Ukraine

Evidence: 39 • authority: 80

Zapadnye slaviane i kievskaia rus' V X-XI VV. [The Western Slavs and Kievan Rus in the 10th and 11th Centuries]

Evidence: 39 • authority: 72

Kievan Rus', also known as Kyivan Rus', was the first East Slavic state and, later, an amalgam of principalities, in Eastern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century. Encompassing a variety of polities and peoples, including East Slavic, Norse, and Finnic, it was ruled by the Rurik dynasty, founded by the Varangian prince Rurik. The name was coined by Russian historians in the 19th century to describe the period when Kiev was preeminent. At its greatest extent in the mid-11th century, Kievan Rus' stretched from the White Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south and from the Carpathian Mountains in the west to the Taman Peninsula in the east, uniting the East Slavic tribes. Acc…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 72

Architecture in Kievan Rus' was centered on Kiev and Novgorod. The architecture of Kievan Rus' is the earliest period of both Russian and Ukrainian architecture, using the foundations of Byzantine culture but with use of innovations and architectural features. Most surviving architecture from this period consists of Russian Orthodox churches, or parts of the gates and fortifications of cities. After the disintegration of Kievan Rus' and the Mongol invasion in the first half of the 13th century, the architectural tradition of Kievan Rus' architecture continued in the principalities of Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, and Galicia-Volhynia. It had a direct influence on later Russian, Ukrainian, and…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 72

The disintegration of the Kievan Rus' was the process of political fragmentation of the Kievan Rus', which in the mid-12th century divided into independent principalities. Formally, the Kievan Rus' continued to exist up to the Mongol invasion (1237–1241), with Kiev considered to be its main city. The period from the 12th to the 16th century is traditionally known as the appanage period, or as feudal fragmentation in Soviet Marxist historiography. The boundary of the disintegration is considered to be 1132 — the year of the death of the last powerful Kievan prince Mstislav the Great. The next stage of disintegration was the liquidation of the institution of "communion in the Russian land" as…

Evidence: 22 • authority: 72

Rus' Khaganate or Kaganate of Rus is a name applied by some modern historians to a hypothetical polity suggested to have existed during a poorly documented period in the history of Eastern Europe between c. 830 and the 890s. The fact that a few sparse contemporaneous sources appear to refer to the leader or leaders of Rus' people at this time with the word chacanus, which might be derived from the title of khagan as used by groupings of Eurasian Turkic nomads, has led some scholars to suggest that his political organisation can be called a "k(h)aganate". Other scholars have disputed this, as it would have been unlikely for an organisation of Germanic immigrants from the north to adopt such…

Evidence: 22 • authority: 72

The 10th century was the period from 901 (represented by the Roman numerals CMI) through 1000 (M) in accordance with the Julian calendar, and the last century of the 1st millennium. In China, the Song dynasty was established, with most of China reuniting after the fall of the Tang dynasty and the following Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Vietnam finally achieves independence from Chinese dominion as a result. The Muslim World experienced a cultural zenith, especially in al-Andalus under the Caliphate of Córdoba and in the Samanid Empire under Ismail Samani. The Abbasid Caliphate continued to exist but with reduced central authority. Additionally, there was a cultural flourishing for…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Sun, Moon and Stars on Kievan Rus Jewellery (10th - 13th Centuries). The principalities of Kievan Rus, a state formed by the area that covered the Western Bug to the Volga between the tenth and thirteenth centuries, legated numerous earrings and medals shaped as a sun, a star, or a moon crescent, probably a reminiscence of Slavic paganism. Unfortunately this abundant material has not been satisfactorily analysed in studies of the Rus cosmological worldview, even though the information provided by these jewels is essential to complement the documents alluding to the heavens. Indeed, the Slavonic translations of Byzantine patristic texts with cosmological contents, or descriptions of astronom…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Sun, Moon and Stars on Kievan Rus Jewellery (10th - 13th Centuries). The principalities of Kievan Rus, a state formed by the area that covered the Western Bug to the Volga between the tenth and thirteenth centuries, legated numerous earrings and medals shaped as a sun, a star, or a moon crescent, probably a reminiscence of Slavic paganism. Unfortunately this abundant material has not been satisfactorily analysed in studies of the Rus cosmological worldview, even though the information provided by these jewels is essential to complement the documents alluding to the heavens. Indeed, the Slavonic translations of Byzantine patristic texts with cosmological contents, or descriptions of astronom…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, known as the Principality of Galicia–Volhynia before 1253, and also known as the Kingdom of Ruthenia or Kingdom of Rus', was a medieval state in Eastern Europe which existed from 1199 to 1349. Its territory was predominantly located in modern-day Ukraine, with parts in Belarus, Poland, Romania, Moldova, and Lithuania. Along with Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal, it was one of the three most important powers to emerge from the collapse of Kievan Rus'. Roman the Great united the principalities of Galicia and Volhynia at the turn of the 13th century. Following the destruction wreaked by the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' (1239–1241), Prince Daniel of Galicia and ot…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country in Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the largest country in the world, spanning eleven time zones and sharing land borders with fourteen countries. With a population of over 140 million, Russia is the most populous country in Europe and the ninth-most populous in the world. It is a highly urbanised country, with three-fourths of its population living in urban areas. Moscow, the most populous metropolitan area in Europe, is the capital and largest city of Russia, while Saint Petersburg is its second-largest city and a major cultural centre. Human settlement on modern Russian territory dates back to the Lower Paleolithic. The emergence of the…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Mongol conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating the largest contiguous empire in history, the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), which by 1260 covered a significant portion of Eurasia. At its height, it stretched from the Pacific to Central Europe. As the Mongol Empire began to fragment from 1260, conflict between the Mongols and Eastern European polities continued for centuries. Mongols continued to rule China into the 14th century under the Yuan dynasty, while Mongol rule in Persia persisted into the 15th century under the Timurid Empire. In the Indian subcontinent, the later Mughal Empire survived into the 19th century.

Evidence: — • authority: 72

The Principality of Chernigov or Chernihiv was one of the largest and most powerful states within Kievan Rus'. For a time the principality was the second most powerful after the Principality of Kiev. The principality was formed in the 10th century and maintained some of its distinctiveness until the 16th century. The Principality of Chernigov consisted of regions of modern-day Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia.