Pies: Male dogs have a bone in their penis

Evidence: 84 • authority: 92

Emerging imaging modalities for the diagnosis of malignant lesions of the male reproductive tract in companion animals.. Understanding diseases that affect the male reproductive system of dogs and cats is important for improving their health and quality of life. Imaging techniques, such as ultrasound and X-rays, play a fundamental role in the evaluation of this system. They help veterinarians detect problems in the testicles, prostate, and other reproductive organs of dogs and cats. In recent years, advanced ultrasound methods, such as Doppler, elastography, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound, have become more accessible and allow earlier and more accurate diagnosis. Although definitive diagn…

Evidence: 84 • authority: 88

Osteosarcoma of the penile bone (os penis) in a dog. Osteosarcoma of the penile bone was diagnosed in a 5‐year‐old neutered male Rottweiler with recurrent dysuria. Imaging and cytological findings raised the suspicion for an osteosarcoma and ablation of the entire penis and scrotal urethrostomy was performed. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically. The dog recovered well and no postoperative signs of dysuria were observed. The dog survived without adjuvant chemotherapy for 12 months when multiple tumours in the thorax and abdomen led to it being euthanased. Penile osteosarcoma is a rare disease, but must be considered as a differential diagnosis in dogs presenting with dysuria. This is…

Evidence: 84 • authority: 92

Genital Wounds: Suspected Child Abuse Versus Alleged Pet Dog Bites.. Genital wounds of infants alleged to be inflicted by dogs have been rarely reported. If parents report genital wounds on very young children as being caused by dog bites, it can be very challenging to prove otherwise. We report here the case of a one-and-a-half-year-old male infant whose prepuce was avulsed from his penis. His parents insisted that their pet dog had attacked the boy and bitten off the prepuce while they were absent. However, based on the characteristics of the wound, we concluded that the boy had been abused using an unidentified sharp instrument. The grounds for our judgment from the perspective of forens…

Evidence: 67 • authority: 88

Dysuria Associated with Non-Neoplastic Bone Hyperplasia of the Os Penis in a Pug Dog. A three-year-old male Pug presented with a three-year history of urolithiasis and repeated urethral obstruction. Biochemical analysis, ultrasonography, and retrograde urethrocystography revealed probable portosystemic shunt and incomplete urethral obstruction due to uric acid ammonium calculi. Enhanced computed tomography (CT) revealed portosystemic shunt and proliferation of the osseous tissue of the os penis, which was surgically removed. Histopathologically, the excised osseous tissue comprised bland lamellar bone without atypia or inflammation. Hyperplasia of the os penis was diagnosed based on the ima…

Evidence: 67 • authority: 88

Chevron Bone and OS Penis in Dog: Structural and Functional Anatomy. The study was conducted to record the structural and functional anatomy of chevron bone and os penis in dogs. The chevron bone along with coccygeal vertebra and os penis were collected from four adult dogs by natural wet maceration technique. The chevron bone was alphabet capital “V” or “Y” shaped bone which consisted of three processes namely, two lateral process and one ventral process. The two lateral processes were articulated with the haemal process of coccygeal vertebrae to form haemal canal. The chevron bones functionally protect the middle coccygeal artery which has important clinical role in assessing the animal h…

Evidence: 67 • authority: 92

Computed Tomographic and Ultrasonographic Characteristics of Presumed Traumatic Unilateral Cavernositis of the Penis in a 2-Year-Old Dog.. A 2-year-old male entire Samoyed presented with 2 weeks of suspected lumbar pain, following an episode of compulsive hypersexual behavior towards other dogs. Computed tomography revealed a lobulated, enlarged left corpus cavernosum with a central non-enhancing, hypoattenuating region (-20 to 40 HU) and rim enhancement, surrounding ischiocavernosus muscle swelling, and left-sided bulbus penis hyperenhancement. Ultrasound showed an enlarged heterogeneous hyperechoic left corpus cavernosum. Ultrasound-guided needle aspiration for cytology, interpreted by a…

Evidence: 67 • authority: 72

In many animals, a penis (; pl.: penises or penes) is the male sexual organ used to inseminate females (or hermaphrodites) during copulation. Such organs occur in both vertebrates and invertebrates, but males do not bear a penis in every animal species. Furthermore, penises are not necessarily homologous. The term penis applies to many intromittent organs, but not to all. As an example, the intromittent organ of most Cephalopoda is the hectocotylus, a specialized arm, and male spiders use their pedipalps. Even within the Vertebrata, there are morphological variants with specific terminology, such as hemipenes. In most species of animals in which there is an organ that might be described as…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 92

Radiographic reference values for canine baculum length: association with body-weight category in dogs aged at least 1 year.. The canine baculum is routinely visible on abdominal and pelvic radiographs, yet radiographic reference data for its length are scarce. This retrospective single-centre study aimed to characterise radiographic baculum length in male dogs aged at least 1 year and to determine whether baculum length was associated with body-weight category, age, neuter status or mixed-breed status. Lateral radiographs from 62 dogs were reviewed, and baculum length was measured on a single optimal projection. Mean ± SD baculum length increased from 68.4 ± 9.1 mm in dogs 30 kg (Kruskal-W…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 72

The os clitoridis (also called the os clitoris, clitoral bone or baubellum; pl.: baubella) is a bone inside the clitoris of many placental mammals. It is absent from the human clitoris, but present in the clitoris of some primates, such as ring-tailed lemurs and non-human great apes. However, in the latter case, the bone is greatly reduced in size. It is homologous to the baculum in male mammals. The structure is more evolutionarily labile than the baculum, exhibiting both more inherent variability and more gains and losses over time, which has been interpreted as evidence for its non-functionality. Other work posits that the variation in the os clitoridis could be driven by intersexual con…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 72

A mammal (from Latin mamma 'breast') is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia (). Mammals are characterized by the presence of milk-producing mammary glands for feeding their young, a broad neocortex region of the brain, fur or hair, and three middle ear bones. These characteristics distinguish them from reptiles and birds, from which their ancestors diverged in the Carboniferous period over 300 million years ago. Around 6,640 extant species of mammals have been described and divided into 27 orders. The study of mammals is called mammalogy. The largest orders of mammals, by number of species, are the rodents, bats, and eulipotyphlans (including hedgehogs, moles and shrews). The next thr…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 72

An erection (clinically: penile erection or penile tumescence) is a physiological phenomenon in which the penis becomes firm, engorged, and enlarged. Penile erection is the result of a complex interaction of psychological, neural, vascular, and endocrine factors, and is often associated with sexual arousal, sexual attraction or libido, although erections can also be spontaneous. The shape, angle, and direction of an erection vary considerably between humans. Physiologically, an erection is required for a male to effect penetration or sexual intercourse and is triggered by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, causing the levels of nitric oxide (a vasodilator) to rise…

Evidence: 51 • authority: 92

Comparative tensile properties of the equine vagina, penile sheath, and scrotum.. This experimental study characterizes the elastic behavior of male and female equine genital tissues using uniaxial tensile testing, with strain measurements obtained via digital image correlation. Dog-bone-shaped tissue specimens were excised from mares and geldings (n=23 from female specimens and n=42 from male specimens) with all specimens aligned along the circumferential direction (CD) of the vagina, penis, and scrotum. The results include load-displacement data, stress-strain data, and tangent moduli for the penile sheath, vaginal canal, and scrotum, with strain measured in both the CD and the longitudin…