elektronika: Polymer

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

A polymer () is a substance or material that consists of very large molecules, or macromolecules, that are constituted by many repeating subunits derived from one or more species of monomers. Due to their broad spectrum of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers have essential and ubiquitous roles in everyday life. Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such as DNA and proteins that are fundamental to biological structure and function. Polymers, both natural and synthetic, are created via polymerization of many small molecules, known as monomers. Their consequently large molecular mass, relative to small molecule compounds, produce…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

High-Pressure Homogenization (HPH)-Based Bioactive-Loaded Nanocarriers in the Food Industry: Principles, Applications, and Challenges.. The growing demand for functional foods has increased interest in advanced processing technologies that improve the stability, bioavailability, and controlled delivery of bioactive compounds (BCs). High-pressure homogenization (HPH) has emerged as a scalable and environmentally sustainable method for developing structured delivery systems within food matrices. In HPH, fluid dispersions are driven through a narrow homogenization valve at extremely high pressure, creating intense shear stress, turbulence, cavitation, and droplet-collision forces. These physic…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 80

Topoarchitected Polymer Network Hydrogels with High Toughness and Anisotropic Properties

Evidence: 33 • authority: 80

Topoarchitected Polymer Network Hydrogels with High Toughness and Anisotropic Properties

Evidence: 33 • authority: 80

Molecular theories of rubberlike elasticity and polymer viscoelasticity

Evidence: 33 • authority: 92

Sustainable Cellulose-Based Gels: Synthesis, Chemical Modification, and Biomedical Application.. The growing demand for sustainable, biocompatible, and non-toxic biomaterials has driven significant advancements in biobased gels for biomedical applications. Among these, cellulose-the most abundant renewable biopolymer-presents an ideal platform due to its inherent hydrophilicity, structural tunability, and biodegradability. This review reports the recent advancements in the processing and engineering of cellulose-based hydrogels for drug delivery systems. We systematically explore the primary synthesis routes, including physical, chemical, and hybrid cross-linking strategies. Special emphasi…

Evidence: 33 • authority: 92

Biomimetic polymers and their characterization: toward sustainable materials using synthetic biology.. Biomimetic polymers have emerged as a powerful class of materials that are capable of replicating biological processes, functions, properties, or structures found in natural systems. While extensive reviews are available due to the significant progress in synthetic biomimetic materials, this review focuses exclusively on sustainable, naturally derived biomimetic polymers, as the global focus has shifted towards low-carbon footprint remedies. Biomimicry can only be reliably evaluated using appropriate characterization techniques, and selecting the ideal technique depends on several factors:…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Polyethylene terephthalate (or poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, PETE, or the obsolete PETP or PET-P) is the most common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in fibres for clothing, containers for liquids and foods, and thermoformed parts for manufacturing, and in combination with glass fibre for engineering resins. In 2025, annual global production of PET was 31 million tons with 2031 projections showing over 40 million tons. In the context of textile applications, PET is referred to by its common name, polyester, whereas the acronym PET is generally used in relation to packaging. PET used in non-fiber applications (i.e. for packaging) makes up about 6% of world…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

In polymer chemistry, step-growth polymerization is a type of polymerization mechanism in which bi-functional or multifunctional monomers react to form first dimers, then trimers, longer oligomers, and eventually long-chain polymers. Many naturally occurring and some synthetic polymers are produced by step-growth polymerization, such as polyesters, polyamides, polyurethanes, etc. Due to the nature of the polymerization mechanism, a high extent of reaction is required to achieve high molecular weight. The easiest way to visualize the mechanism of a step-growth polymerization is a group of people reaching out to hold their hands to form a human chain—each person has two hands (reactive sites)…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Polymer chemistry is a sub-discipline of chemistry that focuses on the structures, chemical synthesis, and chemical and physical properties of polymers and macromolecules. The principles and methods used within polymer chemistry are also applicable through a wide range of other chemistry sub-disciplines like organic chemistry, analytical chemistry, and physical chemistry. Many materials have polymeric structures, from fully inorganic metals and ceramics to DNA and other biological molecules. However, polymer chemistry is typically related to synthetic and organic compositions. Synthetic polymers are ubiquitous in commercial materials and products in everyday use, such as plastics, and rubbe…

Evidence: — • authority: 88

Synthesis of Poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) Copolymer: Structure, Toughness, and Elasticity. Biodegradable and bioabsorbable polymers have drawn considerable attention because of their mechanical properties that mimic human soft tissue. Poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL), the copolymer of L-lactic (LA) and ε-caprolactone (CL), has been applied in many tissue engineering and regenerative medicine fields. However, both the synthesis of PLCL and the structure-activity relationship of the copolymer need to be further investigated to allow tuning of different mechanical properties. The synthesis conditions of PLCL were optimized to increase the yield and improve the copolymer properties…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Effects of molecular heterogeneity on physical properties of polymers