rekordy: Telescope

Evidence: 100 • authority: 72

A telescope is a device used to observe distant objects by their emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation. Originally, it was an optical instrument using lenses, curved mirrors, or a combination of both to observe distant objects – an optical telescope. Nowadays, the word "telescope" is defined as a wide range of instruments capable of detecting different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of detectors. The first known practical telescopes were refracting telescopes with glass lenses and were invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century. They were used for both terrestrial applications and astronomy. The reflect…

Evidence: 48 • authority: 72

The 17th century lasted from January 1, 1601, to December 31, 1700. It falls into the early modern period of Europe and in that continent (whose impact on the world was increasing) was characterized by the Baroque cultural movement, the latter part of the Spanish Golden Age, the Dutch Golden Age, the French Grand Siècle dominated by Louis XIV, the Scientific Revolution, the world's first public company and megacorporation known as the Dutch East India Company, and according to some historians, the General Crisis. From the mid-17th century, European politics were increasingly dominated by the Kingdom of France of Louis XIV, where royal power was solidified domestically in the civil war of th…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

The history of the telescope can be traced to before the invention of the earliest known telescope, which appeared in 1608 in the Netherlands, when a patent was submitted by Hans Lippershey, an eyeglass maker. Although Lippershey did not receive his patent, news of the invention soon spread across Europe. The design of these early refracting telescopes consisted of a convex objective lens and a concave eyepiece. Galileo improved on this design the following year and applied it to astronomy. In 1611, Johannes Kepler described how a far more useful telescope could be made with a convex objective lens and a convex eyepiece lens. By 1655, astronomers such as Christiaan Huygens were building pow…

Evidence: 22 • authority: 72

An optical telescope gathers and focuses light mainly from the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, to create a magnified image for direct visual inspection, to make a photograph, or to collect data through electronic image sensors. There are three primary types of optical telescope : Refracting telescopes, which use lenses and less commonly also prisms (dioptrics) Reflecting telescopes, which use mirrors (catoptrics) Catadioptric telescopes, which combine lenses and mirrors An optical telescope's ability to resolve small details is directly related to the diameter (or aperture) of its objective (the primary lens or mirror that collects and focuses the light), and its light-gatheri…

Evidence: — • authority: 90

Kepler, Galileo, the telescope and its consequences. Abstract In the beginning Copernicus' system of the world did not have empirical confirmation. In this situation, Kepler's research, as well as the astronomical observations with the telescope, invented in 1608, played a decisive role. Under the assumption of the central position of the Sun, Kepler discovered the elliptical orbital motion of the planets as a base of the computation of noticeably improved ephemerides. The first telescopic observations – Jupiter's moons, phases of Venus, sunspots, surface features of the moon, gave important arguments for Copernicus' system. Galilei was one of the first who used the telescope for astronomic…

Evidence: — • authority: 90

The beginnings, from Lipperhey to Huygens and Cassini. The first century of telescopic astronomy can be divided into two periods. During the first, from 1609 to ca. 1640, observations were made with a simple “Dutch” or “Galilean” telescope with a concave eyepiece. Galileo made all his discoveries with this instrument. Its limited field of view, however, made magnifications of more than about 20 impractical, and therefore this instrument’s limit had been reached within a few years. During the second period, ca. 1640–ca. 1700, the simple astronomical telescope came into use, almost immediately augmented with a field lens and an erector lens (the latter used only for terrestrial purposes). Mag…

Evidence: — • authority: 90

DELLA PORTA, COLONNA, AND FONTANA: THE ROLE OF NEAPOLITAN SCIENTISTS AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TELESCOPE ERA. Giovan Battista Della Porta is best known for his theory of experimental science; Fabio Colonna is well- known for his botanical studies; and Francesco Fontana for his powerful telescopes and the exact observations of the Moon and planets, particularly of Mars. All three were interested in astronomy. But when were the first observations in Naples? And what did they observe? And by whom? This paper, based on the correspondence of the protagonists, attempts to retrace the events of the first Neapolitan astronomical observations.. Source: Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. Yea…

Evidence: — • authority: 90

The Mechanics of the Telescope. In order to present a background for this subject, it seems desirable to sketch briefly the history of the telescope.The discovery of the telescope is a much-discussed question, the conclusion according to the Encyclopedia Britannica being that Hans Lippershey, a spectacle-maker of Holland, was the first person who independently invented the telescope and at the same time made the instrument known to the world.Telescopes seem to have been made in Holland in considerable numbers soon after the date of their invention, and rapidly found their way over Europe.But the honors must be shared with the Italian philosopher Galileo, who in May, 1609, made his first tel…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A reflecting telescope (also called a reflector) is a telescope that uses a single or a combination of curved mirrors that reflect light and form an image. The reflecting telescope was invented in the 17th century by Isaac Newton as an alternative to the refracting telescope which, at that time, was a design that suffered from severe chromatic aberration. Although reflecting telescopes produce other types of optical aberrations, it is a design that allows for very large diameter objectives. Almost all of the major telescopes used in astronomy research are reflectors. Many variant forms are in use and some employ extra optical elements to improve image quality or place the image in a mechani…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A lens is a transmissive optical device that focuses or disperses a light beam by means of refraction. A simple lens consists of a single piece of transparent material, while a compound lens consists of several simple lenses (elements), usually arranged along a common axis. Lenses are made from materials such as glass or plastic and are ground, polished, or molded to the required shape. A lens can focus light to form an image, unlike a prism, which refracts light without focusing. Devices that similarly focus or disperse waves and radiation other than visible light are also called "lenses", such as microwave lenses, electron lenses, acoustic lenses, or explosive lenses. Lenses are used in v…

Evidence: — • authority: 80

Coupling efficiency in ion-exchanged homogeneous refracting waveguide lenses in glass

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A refracting telescope (also called a refractor or dioptric telescope) is a type of optical telescope that uses a lens as its objective to form an image. The refracting telescope design was originally used in spyglasses and astronomical telescopes but is also used for long-focus camera lenses. Although large refracting telescopes were very popular in the second half of the 19th century, for most research purposes, the refracting telescope has been superseded by the reflecting telescope, which allows larger apertures. A refractor's magnification is calculated by dividing the focal length of the objective lens by that of the eyepiece. Refracting telescopes typically have a lens at the front,…