rekordy: Jupiter

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun, and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass nearly 2.5 times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined and slightly less than one-thousandth the mass of the Sun. The diameter of Jupiter is 11 times that of Earth and a tenth that of the Sun. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 5.20 AU (778.5 Gm), with an orbital period of 11.86 years. Jupiter is the third-brightest natural object in the Earth's night sky, after the Moon and Venus, and has been observed since prehistoric times. It was named after Jupiter, the chief deity of ancient Roman religion. Jupiter was the first of the Sun's planets to form, and its inward…

Evidence: 68 • authority: 72

An exoplanet or extrasolar planet is a planet outside the Solar System. The first confirmed detection of an exoplanet was in 1992 around a pulsar, and the first detection around a main-sequence star was in 1995. A different planet, first detected in 1988, was confirmed in 2003. In 2016, it was recognized that the first possible evidence of an exoplanet had been noted in 1917, a precovery. As of 8 October 2026, there are 6,445 confirmed exoplanets in 4,834 planetary systems, with 1,070 systems having more than one planet. There are many methods of detecting exoplanets. Transit photometry and Doppler spectroscopy have found the most, but these methods suffer from a clear observational bias fa…

Evidence: 45 • authority: 72

The Jupiter mass, also called Jovian mass, is the unit of mass equal to the total mass of the planet Jupiter. This value may refer to the mass of the planet alone, or the mass of the entire Jovian system to include the moons of Jupiter. Jupiter is by far the most massive planet in the Solar System. It is approximately 2.5 times as massive as all of the other planets in the Solar System combined. Jupiter mass is a common unit of mass in astronomy that is used to indicate the masses of other similarly-sized objects, including the outer planets, extrasolar planets, and brown dwarfs, as this unit provides a convenient scale for comparison.

Evidence: 43 • authority: 72

A giant planet is a diverse type of planet much larger than Earth. It is sometimes referred to as a Jovian planet, with Jove being another name for the Roman god Jupiter. Giant planets are usually primarily composed of low-boiling point materials (volatiles), rather than rock or other solid matter, but mega-Earths do also exist. There are four such giant planets in the Solar System: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Many extrasolar giant planets have been identified. Giant planets are sometimes known as gas giants, but many astronomers now apply the term only to Jupiter and Saturn, classifying Uranus and Neptune, which have different compositions, as ice giants. Both names are potential…

Evidence: 43 • authority: 72

A planet is a large, rounded astronomical body that is generally required to be in orbit around a star, stellar remnant, or brown dwarf, and is not one itself. The Solar System has eight planets by the most restrictive definition of the term: the terrestrial planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, and the giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The best available theory of planet formation is the nebular hypothesis, which posits that an interstellar cloud collapses out of a nebula to create a young protostar orbited by a protoplanetary disk. Planets grow in this disk by the gradual accumulation of material driven by gravity, a process called accretion. The word planet comes fro…

Evidence: 38 • authority: 92

What the Solar System Can Teach Us About Rocky Exoplanets.. The number of rocky extrasolar planets being discovered continues to increase, but so too does the apparent diversity of such worlds. As we work to understand the likely bulk properties and thermal, geological, and climatological attributes we might expect of rocky exoplanets, we can look to the Solar System for guidance. Here, we review the interior, surface, and atmospheric characteristics of modern Earth, and discuss how our homeworld has changed through Solar System history. We then visit in turn Venus, Mars, Mercury and Earth's Moon, and Io, noting how these terrestrial planets are alike, how they are different, and how they h…

Evidence: 36 • authority: 92

Uncovering the rapidly evolving orbits of the dynamic TOI-201 system.. Studying planetary interactions in exoplanet systems informs theories of planet formation and evolution, providing essential context for understanding our own solar system. We combine spectroscopy, transit photometry, transit timing variations, and astrometry to characterize the TOI-201 system. The cotransiting system consists of a super-Earth, warm Jupiter, and massive companion at 5.8-, 53-, and 2900-day orbital periods, respectively. We perform dynamical simulations to study the past and future of the system. von-Zeipel-Kozai-Lidov oscillations emerge as the most plausible scenario to explain the outer companion's hig…

Evidence: 29 • authority: 80

What moons in other solar systems reveal about planets like Neptune and Jupiter

Evidence: 22 • authority: 92

B-type host stars revealed by exoplanets around massive secondary-clump giant stars.. Exoplanets around massive young stars, including hot spectral-class B (B-type) stars, are rare but important for understanding how planets form and survive. Most known examples are either very distant companions found by direct imaging or extremely close-in planets found by transit surveys, leaving planets at intermediate orbital distances largely unexplored. Here, we show that this missing population can be revealed through evolved stars. Using space-based stellar oscillations and stellar-evolution models, we identify four known planet-hosting catalogue stars, HD 2952, HD 120084, HIP 65891, and HIP 67537…

Evidence: 21 • authority: 80

The Mass of Jupiter and the Motion of Four Minor Planets

Evidence: 21 • authority: 80

Determination of Mass of Jupiter and That of Some Minor Planets from Observations of Minor Planets Moving in 2:1 Commensurability with Jupiter

Evidence: 21 • authority: 92

Hydrogen-helium immiscibility boundary in gas-giant planetary interiors from machine-learning molecular dynamics.. The location of the hydrogen-helium (H/He) immiscibility boundary controls whether and where helium rain occurs in giant planets, yet it remains uncertain because high-pressure experiments are challenging and ab initio simulations are limited in system size and simulation time. We map this boundary by computing composition-dependent chemical potentials from large-scale molecular dynamics driven by machine learning potentials trained on three density functional approximations (PBE, vdW-DF, and the hybrid HSE). Across the pressure range of 100-1000 GPa, the demixing temperatures…