komunikacja: Letter (alphabet)

Evidence: 59 • authority: 72

In linguistics, a grapheme is the smallest functional unit of a writing system. The word grapheme is derived from Ancient Greek's gráphō ('write'), and the suffix -eme (by analogy with phoneme and other emic units). The study of graphemes is called graphemics. The concept of a grapheme is abstract; It is similar to the notion of a character in computing. (A specific geometric shape that represents any particular grapheme in a given typeface is called a glyph.) In orthographic and linguistic notation, a particular glyph (character) is represented in graphemic notation by enclosing it within angle brackets: e.g. ⟨a⟩.

Evidence: 36 • authority: 72

A writing system is any conventional system for representing a particular language using a set of symbols (called a script), as well as the rules those symbols encode. The earliest of conventional writing systems appeared during the late 4th millennium BC. Throughout history, each independently invented writing system gradually emerged from a system of proto-writing, where a small number of ideographs were used in a manner incapable of fully encoding language, and thus lacking the ability to express a broad range of ideas. Writing systems are generally classified according to how their symbols, called graphemes, relate to units of language. Phonetic writing systems – which include alphabets…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary. It is the primary means by which humans convey meaning, both in spoken and signed forms, and may also be conveyed through writing. Human language is characterized by its cultural and historical diversity, with significant variations observed between cultures and across time. Human languages possess the properties of productivity and displacement, which enable the creation of an infinite number of sentences, and the ability to refer to objects, events, and ideas that are not immediately present in the discourse. The use of human language relies on social convention and is acquired through learning. A 20…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A keyboard layout is any specific physical, visual, or functional arrangement of key switches, legends, or key mapping (respectively) of a keyboard. Layouts are used on computer keyboards, for virtual keyboards (including mobile phones or other touchscreens), or other typographic input devices. Standard layouts vary depending on their intended writing system, language, and use case. Some hobbyists and designers create alternative layouts to better suit individual preferences or to extend functionality. Layouts can be described in several ways depending on form or function. A physical layout is the positioning of physical keys on a keyboard. The arrangement of keycap legends, such as marking…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, punctuation, word boundaries, capitalization, hyphenation, and emphasis. Most national and international languages have an established writing system that has undergone substantial standardization, thus exhibiting less dialect variation than the spoken language. These processes can fossilize pronunciation patterns that are no longer routinely observed in speech (e.g. would and should); they can also reflect deliberate efforts to introduce variability for the sake of national identity, as seen in Noah Webster's efforts to introduce easily noticeable differences between American and British spelling (e…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

An alphabet is a writing system that uses a standard set of symbols called graphemes – more commonly known as letters – to more or less represent particular sounds in a spoken language. Specifically, these graphemes largely correspond to phonemes, which are the smallest sound segments that can distinguish one word from another in a given language. Not all writing systems represent language in this way: a syllabary assigns symbols to spoken syllables, while logographies assign symbols to words, morphemes, or other semantic units. The first letters were invented in Ancient Egypt to serve as an aid in writing Egyptian hieroglyphs; these are referred to as Egyptian uniliteral signs by lexicogra…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

A phoneme ( FOH-neem) is a set of similar speech sounds that are perceptually regarded by the speakers of a language as a single basic sound—the smallest possible phonetic unit—that helps distinguish one word from another. All languages contain phonemes (or the spatial–gestural equivalent in sign languages), and all spoken languages include both consonant and vowel phonemes. Phonemes are studied under phonology, a branch of linguistics. Phonemes are traditionally represented, when written, as a glyph (a character) enclosed within two forward-sloping slashes /. For example, /ɒ/ indicates the vowel phoneme, or set of possible sounds, used in the middle of the English word pot. The exact phone…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

The Tool for Automatic Analysis of Decoding Ambiguity (TAADA).. This study documents and assesses the Tool for Automatic Analysis of Decoding Ambiguity (TAADA). TAADA calculates measures related to decoding, including metrics for grapheme and phoneme counts, neighborhood effects, rhymes, and conditional probabilities for sound-spelling relationships. These measures are assessed in two reading studies. The first study examined links between decoding variables and judgments of reading ease in a corpus of ~5000 reading excerpts, finding that variables related to word frequency, phonographic neighbors for words, word syllable length, and the reverse prior probability for consonants explained 34…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Effects of an Adapted Alphabetic Principle and Phonemic Awareness Intervention to Improve Spelling for Adolescents Who Use or Need Augmentative and Alternative Communication.. Purpose Learning the alphabetic principle (AP) and developing phonemic awareness (PA) are foundational skills for learning to spell. For individuals who use or need augmentative and alternative communication (AAC), spelling is vital as it increases communication through the independent generation of words or phrases. The current study aimed to teach AP and PA skills utilizing an adapted keyboard to adolescents who use AAC. Method A single-case, concurrent, multiple-probe-across-participants design was employed. The ou…

Evidence: — • authority: 92

Native and non-native lexical processing in Mandarin: pinyin and tone representation.. The nature of the Chinese mental lexicon is described in this theoretical paper, with a particular focus on the way in which Mandarin is represented and processed, especially with regard to tonal information. Because an alphabetic script (i.e., pinyin) is adopted in China at the earliest stages of reading acquisition, an account is given of the way in which alphabetic orthography is processed, using English as the example. Following from this, a framework for thinking about the processes involved in learning to read Chinese is presented and the impact of pinyin is considered. In particular, it is argued t…

Evidence: — • authority: 72

In a writing system, a letter is a grapheme that generally corresponds to a phoneme—the smallest functional unit of speech—though there is rarely total one-to-one correspondence between the two. An alphabet is a writing system that uses letters.